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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it is more stable than one would expect. The country is searching for a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 에볼루션 began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan, as well as styles of art and a written language and papermaking. Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on the citizens and often required them to serve in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications. At the close of this period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest of the peninsula, and clashed with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety a tenet. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and they must be obeyed and respected by everyone, even their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes that were created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was recorded for the first time. Evolution in Korea The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times. Early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious objects such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are also common throughout the country. In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states was diminished by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country appears to be changing. The people who are affronted by the huge cost of the old system advocate the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears of job loss. Academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to these two trends are driving Koreas evolution towards a new model of economic governance. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development including democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies key elements that are shaping these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this segment. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% said it contradicted their religious beliefs; and 17% said they did not know what it meant. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced types of life. In the past, most of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. A significant rise in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, when there was an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event attracted a huge number of church leaders and scientists. The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The event was extensively covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it covered its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures at universities and churches throughout the country. A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were enough students interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the funds and support to construct an on-campus museum with creationist fossil models and other exhibits. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science, and it has sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized a network of local branches that hold seminars and give talks to children in schools and community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other style elements imported from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. During this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other musical instruments. The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike a balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also requires altering incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. His rule was however only for a short time. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an heir state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was later ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.